Government housing assistance programs are another factor contributing to income segregation. Density zoning therefore raises income segregation ( Lens and Monkkonen 2016 Rothwell and Massey 2010). 2006), with affluent households being more likely to live in the most heavily regulated areas. Hence, local income is strongly positively related to the degree of local land use regulation ( Pendall et al. Density zoning limits housing supply and has a strong impact on the structure of the housing stock (e.g., lower supply of multifamily housing Owens 2015) and on household mobility (e.g., exclusion of low-income families Gyourko et al. Researchers have examined whether zoning laws contribute to neighborhood change. Two types of policies are particularly important: zoning laws and subsidized housing. literature on urban or housing policies and their impact on inequality, neighborhood change, and poverty concentration. Other important factors may be found in the large U.S. Several factors may be related to the observed levels of income segregation and could contribute to differences in segregation across cities or countries, including racial or ethnic neighborhood segregation ( Massey and Denton 1993), household income inequality ( Reardon and Bischoff 2011), and age or educational attainment ( Bischoff and Reardon 2014). Their main conclusion is that income segregation in France is low (compared to the United States) and relatively stable. comparison in large cities ( Quillian and Lagrange 2016). In France, while many studies assess the residential segregation of occupational categories ( Préteceille 2006) or immigrants ( Safi 2006, 2009 Shon 2009), we are aware of only two large-scale studies dealing with income segregation: a longitudinal study in large French cities ( Vincent et al. In the United States, several articles document the evolution in income segregation since the beginning of the 1970s ( Bischoff and Reardon 2014 Jargowsky 1996 Massey and Eggers 1993 Rothwell and Massey 2010 Watson 2009 or more recently, Logan et al. An abundant literature has focused on interpreting the rise and fall of socioeconomic segregation and, notably, income segregation. The geographic clustering of individuals with common features is a well-known phenomenon that has been documented in many countries. By contrast, a low level of segregation indicates that populations with different socioeconomic profiles are living together, in the same neighborhoods. A high level of segregation means that households live in neighborhoods with a socioeconomic profile similar to their own. Socioeconomic segregation refers to the separation of populations into different districts or neighborhoods according to their socioeconomic characteristics. Income segregation, Public housing, Spatial decomposition, Poverty, Home tenure Introduction We also provide evidence of a sorting effect-the process of allocating public housing that is not random-so that the richest neighborhoods or municipalities receive wealthier-than-average public tenants. Indeed, while public housing has become more homogeneously distributed geographically, which should help to reduce income segregation, the distribution of income within public (and private) housing has changed: households living in public housing were poorer in 2015 than in 1999. With segregation decomposition techniques, we provide evidence that this is partly due to an increasing concentration of low-income households in public housing, which cancels out the effect of the spatial dispersion of public housing. private housing) segregation has been decreasing, income segregation has been rising. Surprisingly, it appears that while home tenure (public vs. The analysis is conducted with several segregation indices and at different geographic scales. This article provides a geographic analysis of the contribution of public housing to income segregation in France from 1999 to 2015.
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